発声上より見たる, 鳥類の喉頭, 気管, 鳴管に関する筋についての解剖学的研究

The larygeal, tracheal and syringeal muscles of several birds (Gallus gallus var. Domesticus Brisson, Otus asio Teminck & Schlegel, Melopsittacus undulatus and Corvus levaillantii japonensis) were observed anatomically under binocular microscope, in paying attention to that the tone production of birds are performed not by larynx but by syrinx, and these muscles originate from the sterno-hyoid muscle system. Following results are obtained:-<br>1 The laryngeal muscles are classified in delator and constrictor. The constrictor muscles are different according to the kind of birds, yet M. crico-arytenoideus lateralis, M. cricoideus dorsalis, and M. interarytenoideus are discriminated.<br>2 Gallus gallus var. domesticus Brisson and Otusasio T. & S. make their tracheas move up and downby working M. sterno-trachealis and M. tracheo-lateralis to shut and open the space between the internal and external tympaniformic membrane, and by this movement the tone production and respiration are performed.<br>3 Melopsittacus undulatus are absent of M. sterno-trachealis, but M. tracheo-lateralis, M. tracheo-bronchialis, and M. syringecs contribute to the movement of syrinx.<br>4 Syringeal muscles of Corvus levaillantii japonensis are classified in M. cleido-trachealis, M. tracheo-lateralis, Mm. tracheo-bronchiales, M. tracheo-bronchialis dorsalis brevis, and Mm. syringei.<br>5 The laryngeal muscls are chiefly innervated with glossopharyngeal nerve. The muscles connected with syrinx are controlled doubly by the upper and lower laryngeal branch of the hypoglosso-cervical nerve and the syringeal branch of the recurrent nerve.<br>6 The syringeal branch of the recurrent nerve does not anastomose with the upper laryngeal branch of the hypoglossal nerve, going to among the muscle bundles of the tracheo-laterl muscle, and anastomoses with the branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve at the upper portion of the trachea. I confirmed this in Gallus gallus var. domesticus Brisson, Otus asio T. & S. Melopsittacus undulatus.