スコットランド先進地域における農業近代化の一段階 : 一七九〇-九五年のロジアン農業

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タイトル別名
  • A Stage of 'Improvement' in the Lothians at the End of the Eighteenth Century
  • スコットランド センシン チイキ ニ オケル ノウギョウ キンダイカ ノ イチ

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抄録

On the eve of the agricultural 'improvement' in Scotland, some of the features such as the inclusion of a faugh break on the infield or the restricted cropping of an outfield now valued as much for its grass as for its arable, would suggest a farming system with a capacity for change and adjustment greater than has hitherto been realised. This article tries to make clear the facts of the development of improvement in the Lothians at the period of 1790-95. In the Lothians, at this stage, the run-ring system was almost abolished, the lands were divided and enclosed, large compact farms were formed, and new type of farming was generally adopted. But old farming practices were not completely removed and there remained lands which were not yet enclosed. In most parishes where the new farming was adopted, it is reported that old type of farming was generally in practice still a few years before. The social relation between heritors and tenants was gradually reformed. Small farms were consolidated into large ones. Leases were granted in common; conditions of lease were strictly stated in covenant; tenant :rights became greatly securer than before, and long leases prevailed. Though the rent became payable in money, the rent in kind still persisted in far wider districts, and even the labour services were not yet completely commuted. The worst of all was thirlage, one of the survivals of feudal custom. At this stage we can see some of the capitalist farmers leasing large farms. They got a brofuse measure of enterprizing spirit and zeal for improvement, and lived in a degree of affluence, unknown to their humbler predecessors. The consolidation of farms has often been stated as a direct cause of depopulation; but the fact seems very disputable. Some of the agricultural reporters described that in many instances population was known to have increased, when a great farmer succeeded to a number of small ones. We can find some instances, however, even in the parishes not so far from the capital at this date, which denote the rural depopulation by the destruction of cottages, a foreboding, though of a less dramatic kind, of the notorious Highland Clearance.

収録刊行物

  • 社会経済史学

    社会経済史学 44 (2), 105-129,202-20, 1978

    社会経済史学会

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