律令里制の特質について : 日・唐の比較を中心として

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書誌事項

タイトル別名
  • The Characteristics of Ri (里) Units under the Ritsu-ryo System : A Comparative Study of the Village System in Japan and Tang China
  • リツリョウ リセイ ノ トクシツ ニ

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説明

The purpose of this paper is to clarify the characteristics and functions of ri (里, provincial administrative units of fifty households) unit under the ritsu-ryo system by a comparison with the village system of Tang China. The village system in Tang China consisted of administrative (artificial) units (xiang 郷 and li 里) and natural ones (fang 坊 and cun 村). But when we observe this system functioned in reality, we can see that the number of the households in the administrative units was not very strict, that li and cun were connected to each other by xiang, and that in a xiang the lizheng (里正, administrators of a li) played a very important role, being responsible for presenting shoushi (手実, statesments -declaration of information for household registers) and enforcing the equal field system (均田制). In Japan, however, natural units were not adopted as in Tang China, there were only administrative units, bo (坊) in the capital and ri (里) in all other areas. Besides, the characteristics of ri itself were considerably different from those in Tang China. In the first place, it is worthy of our notice that the official authority of the richo (里長, administrators of ri in Japan) for presenting shujitsu (手実) and enforcing the handen-system (班田制, Japanese land allotment system) was much weaker than that of the Tang. This fact had a great deal to do with the existence of gunji (郡司, administrators of provincial sub-divisions called gun 郡). In the second place, unlike in Tang China, the ri in Japan also acted as a financial unit, for example, with regard to shicho (仕丁) or fuko (封戸). This function decided a organizationed principle of ri in Japan. With such functions, ri units were organized mainly in order to maintain a standard number of kako (課口, taxable individuals) in each ri, and furthermore, to equalize the number in each kako. And an analysis of existing household registers in ancient Japan shows that this policy was realized to a considerable extent until the go-ri system was abolished in 740. In this sense, the aims organizing ri units were (1) to enable the tax collection system under the ritsu-ryo system to work smoothly (2) to use the number of ri (=the number of hako) to control quantitatively the areas ruled by gunji. In conclusion, it may be said that in Japan ri units were far more artificial and political in nature than in Tang China.

収録刊行物

  • 史学雑誌

    史学雑誌 95 (2), 174-200,287-28, 1986

    公益財団法人 史学会

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