Physiological roles of secreted phospholipase A2 enzymes

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  • Murakami Makoto
    Biomembrane Signaling Project, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan

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  • ｓＰＬＡ２群の生体内機能と脂質メタボロミクス
  • sPLA2グン ノ セイタイナイ キノウ ト シシツ メタボロミクス

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Phospholipase A2 is a group of lipolytic enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of the sn-2 position of glycerophospholipids to yield fatty acids and lysophosphplipids. In mammals, PLA2 enzymes have been divided into three major classes, including cytosolic PLA2s (cPLA2s), Ca2+-independent PLA2s (iPLA2s), and secreted PLA2s (sPLA2s). Whereas the important role of cPLA2α, a prototypic cPLA2, in arachidonate metabolism has been well established, the functions and relevant substrates of other PLA2s, sPLA2s in particular, have still remained elusive. Individual sPLA2s show distinct tissue and cellular distributions and enzymatic properties, suggesting their distinct physiological roles. This review summarizes the latest information on the functional aspects of four sPLA2s, namely sPLA2-IB, IIA, V and X, which distinctly participate in dietary phospholipid digestion, anti-bacterial defense, airway pathology, atherosclerosis, and possibly skin homeostasis.

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