Prehistory of <i>Human Development in Zen</i> (1947) by Tetsufumi MIYASAKA

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  • 宮坂哲文『禅における人間形成』(1947)前史
  • ミヤサカテツブン 『 ゼン ニ オケル ニンゲン ケイセイ 』(1947)ゼンシ

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Abstract

 Tetsufumi Miyasakas’ (1918-1965) first book Human Development in Zen (March,1947) has been a basic reference for guidance and extracurricular activities. The purpose of this research note is to consider the theoretical transition of Miyasaka’s essays preceding this book. <br> Tetsufumi Miyasaka, who wrote Human Development in Zen and Tokubetsu Kyoiku Katsudou (Extra-Curricular Activities) (1950) during the occupation of Japan,is an indispensable resource in considering the origins of extracurricular activities in post-war Japan. His father,Tesshu(1887-1973),wasa Zen priest involved in many educational institutions. Miyasaka was also interested in Zen,titling his graduation thesis “Study of Educational Form in a Zen Monastery”(November, 1941), which became the basis for Human Development in Zen. Therefore, Miyasaka’s post-war studies of extracurricular activities focused on theUnited States but retained the interest in Zen from the pre-war period; it wasnot something that started suddenly after the war. <br> I studied the background to Human Development in Zen and identified the following facts: (1) papers presented during the war spoke of Zen from the academic perspective of educational history and appeared in many chapters of the book; (2) before publishing those papers in the book, partial revisions and rewriting took place to eliminate the wartime atmosphere created when thepapers werefirst written; and (3) all of his papers that had been presented were not published in the book. <br> The essays presented during the war, but which were not in the book, were published in media journals controlled by the government, not as treatises, and they reflected the wartime atmosphere. Perhaps it was essential to exclude the essays because of the wartime educational theory before publishing the book after the war. <br> In this study, I identified two essays that appeared in educational journals during the occupation but were not included in Human Development in Zen. The essays have a different format, but both referred to the historical past in considering the post-war situation as lessons learned. In addition, both addressed civic education referring to the roles of education in school and society. Of note regarding civil education is that the importance of extracurricular activities in lower secondary education was pointed out in one of the essays prior to the post-war paper “Development of Extracurricular Activities in Secondary Schools in the USA.” (April, 1947)

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