Diagnosing bovine leukemia virus infection

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  • Mekata H.
    Field of Animal Disease Control, Organization for Promotion of Tenure Track, University of Miyazaki

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  • 牛白血病ウイルス感染症の検査法とその特徴
  • ギュウ ハッケツビョウ ウイルス カンセンショウ ノ ケンサホウ ト ソノ トクチョウ

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Abstract

Bovine leukemia virus （BLV） is the etiological agent of enzootic bovine leukosis （EBL）, which is a notifiable infectious disease of cattle in Japan. The number of EBL notifications and the rate of BLV infections have increased in recent years. BLV causes lifelong infection due to integration of the provirus into the host chromosome. There is no effective vaccine or treatment for BLV infection or EBL development. Therefore, on-farm BLV control programs primarily center on quarantine and replacement of infected cattle. Accurate diagnosis is important to maximize the effectiveness of these eradication programs. Diagnostic methods for BLV infection can be divided into two groups: those that detect the BLV antibody and those that detect proviral DNA. In Japan, enzymelinked immunosorbent assays, passive hemagglutination tests and agar gel immunodiffusion tests are the most common methods used for detection of the BLV antibody. Real-time polymerase chain reaction （PCR） and nested PCR are the primary techniques employed for detection of proviral DNA. Each method has a different sensitivity, specificity and window period. Therefore, choosing the appropriate diagnostic method is important. Furthermore, blood-sampling mistakes can occur in large animal clinical facilities. Well-planned testing, which includes accurate interpretation of the diagnostic outcome and addressing blood-sampling mistakes, leads to effective BLV countermeasures. In this article, methods for diagnosing BLV infection and interpretation of each result are reviewed.

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