高卒労働市場の変貌と中小企業の雇用戦略

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  • Changes in the Labor Market for High School Graduates and the Employment Strategies of Small-and-Mediumsized Companies
  • コウソツ ロウドウ シジョウ ノ ヘンボウ ト チュウショウ キギョウ ノ コヨウ センリャク

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The purpose of this paper is to point out that two models describing the transformation of the labor market for high school graduates are implicitly based on large-sized companies, and to disentangle the transformation from a different perspective.<BR>“The replacement of high school graduates by gradu ates from higher education” and “the increase in irregular workers, ” which are used to explain the transformation, provoke the question that they do not hold true for small-and-medium-sized companies, but are true of large-sized counterparts, which better organize the division of labor and can recruit workers with little difficulty. The size of companies is important because it brings major differences in recruitment conditions and employment strategies. From the perspective of small-and-medium-sized companies, it is necessary to test not only the two above-mentioned hypotheses but also the “replacement of new high school graduates by workers who changed jobs.” Focusing on the variable of company size, this paper employs time series trend analysis and regression analysis, and comes to three findings:(1) It is at large-sized companies, and not necessarily at their small-andmedium-sized counterparts, that the replacement of high school graduates by graduates from higher education is taking place. Since small-andmedium-sized companies in the manufacturing sector have greater difficulty in recruiting white-collar workers, not a few tend to recruit them from among high school graduates.(2) It is also at large-sized companies, and not necessary at their small-and-medium-sized counterparts, that the portion of irregular workers is increasing. However, this phenomenon is proceeding more quickly with females than with males at any company.(3) It is at companies with 100-999 persons that high school male graduates are being replaced by male workers in the age range of 25-34 who are changing jobs.<BR>The findings above demonstrate clearly that the youth labor market in Japan has been moving toward an American style one, as described by Osterman, though there is also a problem peculiar to Japan involving the psychological immaturity of youth, which is the weak orientation toward economical independence. Therefore, it is critical to try to redress the lagging maturity of youth and to shorten their moratorium period, because this would not only make it easier for individual youth to develop better careers but also would contribute to the structural improvement of widening employment opportunities for youth.

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