東京市の公立小学校における学校園の展開

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  • Development of Gakkōen for Public Elementary Schools in the City of Tokyo
  • トウキョウシ ノ コウリツ ショウガッコウ ニ オケル ガッコウエン ノ テンカイ

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Through a consideration of the connection between gakkoen (school gardens) and reconstruction plans that included small public parks following the 1923 Great Kanto Earthquake, this paper reveals how gakkoen became a necessary component of Tokyo City elementary education. Previous research determined that a compromise was reached between park management disaster relief provisions and the education demands for the expansion of school grounds. However, it is doubtful that there was sufficient land to meet both demands because there were many obstacles preventing the acquisition of property, such as opposition to voluntary reductions of residential property that reconstruction plans required. This paper reexamines this situation through a consideration of the role of gakkoen as established by the 1905 "Notice Regarding School Gardens" (Gakkoen shisetsu tsucho). This paper shows that securing sufficient property was not possible due to budgetary constraints, resulting in no additional land for schools grounds; even the option of having small public parks available for use by all elementary schools was not possible. In order to make up for the failure to expand school grounds, small public parks were to be used to fulfill the purpose of gakkoen by providing materials and nurturing of in aesthetic sensibilities. In the context of the 1905 Gakkoen shisetsu tsucho, the educational value of gakkoen were recognized in 1910 by the educational associations of Tokyo city, and was also approved by city planning after the earthquake. The establishment open spaces for disaster relief throughsmall city parks also came to serve an educational purpose. While gakkoen in Tokyo were not part of expanded school grounds, their provision was accomplished through small city parks. In conclusion, gakkoen played an important role in the compromise between the city planning and public education.

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