戦間期日本における保育所制度化をめぐる論争と冨田象吉の子ども観 : 託児所令制定運動の再検討として

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  • Debates on the Institutionalization of Day Care Centers and Syōkichi Tomita's View of Childhood in Interwar Japan : A Re-examination of the Movement to Enact an Edict on Day Nurseries
  • セン カン キジツホン ニ オケル ホイクジョ セイドカ オ メグル ロンソウ ト フデンゾウ キチ ノ コドモミ : タクジショレイ セイテイ ウンドウ ノ サイケントウ ト シテ

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The purpose of this paper is to reconstruct Syokichi Tomita's view of childhood, focusing on its relation to debates on the institutionalization of day care centers in interwar Japan. Particular attention is paid to two aspects: 1) examining his view of childhood not just in relation to day care centers and day nurseries, but also in relation to overall social work and social policies (including plans) for child protection, and 2) the fact that Tomita (1878-1943), director of the first day care center in Osaka was personally involved in these debates. The first plans to enact day nurseries were put together in 1926, one by Hiroki Oka (1884-1939), the secretary of the Tokyo Prefecture Social Work Association, and the other by the Home Ministry. Day nurseries had already been discussed in the early 1920s in the context of plans to enact laws on child protection, but the 1926 plans were both influenced by the establishment of the Kindergarten Edict (1926), although they differed in content. After the Great Depression, the movement to enact an edict on day nurseries was developed mainly by people involved in day nurseries in the countryside. Their plan for an edict was similar to that of the Home Ministry, which treated day nurseries as health institutions and regulated the qualifications of nurses and the provisions of financial support. Tomita, on the other hand, supported an edict limited to the improvement of the health and hygiene functions of day nurseries. Furthermore, Tomita's conception of child protection included child rescue work, viewed children aged 3 and up as objects of education, and attempted to address the problems of the urban poor and workers in mining areas through social work and social policies for mothers and children. His view of childhood was an original one that included social aspects.

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