Violation of Gibbs's Definition of Phase for Protein Solutions(<Special Issue>Prospective Crystal Growth)

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  • Vekilov Peter G.
    Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Department of Chemistry, University of Houston

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  • Violation of Gibbs's definition of phase for protein solutions

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The Gibbs's definition of phase assumes completely homogeneous composition, with fluctuations bringing about local variations of less than a few percent. We apply light scattering, atomic force microscopy and other techniques to demonstrate that solutions of even a single protein of moderate concentration do not comply with this definition. In such solutions clusters of sizes from several tens to several hundred nanometers exist and have limited lifetimes. These clusters have a higher free energy than the protein solution, and their lifetime is determined by the barrier for their decay. The clusters determine the viscous and visco-elastic behavior of the solution and are an essential part of potential condensation and aggregation pathways. Cluster theories developed for colloid systems appear inapplicable to proteins due to the high level of implied Coulombic repulsion. A microscopic theory, which should account for stabilizing and destabilizing factors involving protein molecules and solvent inside the clusters, is still to be developed.

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