Pathogenicity of an H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Isolated in the 2010–2011 Winter in Japan to Mandarin Ducks

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  • SODA Kosuke
    Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4–101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680–8553, Japan
  • USUI Tatsufumi
    Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4–101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680–8553, Japan Laboratory of Veterinary Hygiene, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4–101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680–8553, Japan
  • UNO Yukiko
    Laboratory of Veterinary Hygiene, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4–101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680–8553, Japan
  • YONEDA Kumiko
    Japan Wildlife Research Center, 3–10–10 Taitou-ku, Tokyo 110–8676, Japan
  • YAMAGUCHI Tsuyoshi
    Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4–101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680–8553, Japan Laboratory of Veterinary Hygiene, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4–101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680–8553, Japan
  • ITO Toshihiro
    Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4–101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680–8553, Japan Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4–101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680–8553, Japan

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Widespread outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) caused by H5N1 viruses occurred in wild birds in Japan from 2010–2011. Forty out of 63 deceased wild birds belonged to the order Anseriformes, and mandarin duck was one of the dominant species. To estimate the risk of mandarin ducks as a source of virus infection in the environment, we examined the pathogenicity of a causal H5N1 HPAI virus to mandarin ducks. About half of the mandarin ducks died by inoculation with 107.0TCID50 of A/mandarin duck/Miyazaki/22M807-1/2011 (H5N1). Viruses were mainly recovered from the trachea of the ducks sacrificed at three days post inoculation (d.p.i.). Viruses were recovered from the laryngopharyngeal swabs of the observation group until 5 d.p.i. In ducks that died at the late phase of infection, viruses were detected in the systemic organs, such as lung, kidney and colon. Together, these results showed that the H5N1 HPAI viruses, which belonged to clade 2.3.2.1 and are mainly circulating in East Asia, were lethal to mandarin ducks, indicating that mandarin ducks have the potential to disseminate the virus to other bird species. Therefore, wild birds should be kept out of poultry farms to prevent HPAI outbreaks in the future.

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