PRWORA and the Progress of Dualism : A Trend in American Welfare Reform in the 1990s

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  • 個人責任・就労機会調停法とデュアリズムの進行 : 1990年代アメリカ福祉改革の動向
  • コジン セキニン シュウロウ キカイ チョウテイホウ ト デュアリズム ノ シンコウ 1990ネンダイ アメリカ フクシ カイカク ノ ドウコウ

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Reflecting the rise of neo-liberalism, America's welfare reform in the 1990s cut the expenditure on welfare policy and made the application for welfare benefits more difficult. Because of this reform, the welfare policies of states were restructured, and the recipients of welfare benefits were subordinated to the requirements of benefits (ex. commitment to work in the market and life in traditional families). These new welfare programs make the distinction between recipients and non-recipients of welfare much clearer, reduce the number of welfare recipients and deprive them of economic, and political power. That is, this reform detached the middle class from welfare policy and made them antagonistic to welfare policy. And yet, it made it difficult for welfare recipients to be selfreliant because it deprived them of the opportunity to receive education and vocational training. To change this policy, and to make welfare recipients independent actors in the welfare society, it is essential for government to support their work and to set their fundamental working conditions.

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