フランスの国際連盟政策と「ウィルソン主義」、一九一九―一九二四年

<p>The previous studies have not considered Wilsonianism in relation to French diplomacy, but after the World War I, France played a key role in the League of Nations, from which its advocate, the United States of America, has been absent. Therefore this paper focuses French policies for the League of Nations in order to reexamine “Wilsonianism.” From 1919 to 1924, French leaders at first had bad feelings toward the League of Nations or the “New Diplomacy,” but they gradually have accepted such conceptions.</p><p>First, this paper examines French leaders’ attitude for Woodrow Wilson or his idea for peace. In the Paris Peace Conference (1919), French prime minister, Georges Clemenceau, was suspicious of Wilson and his idea, and required the military alliance with the United Kingdom and the United States. And also, he persisted in the military occupation of the Rhineland. On the other hand, at the commission drafting the Covenant of the League of Nations, Léon Bourgeois advocated establishing an international force. However, their proposals were discarded, because the United States had rejected the peace treaty and the Covenant.</p><p>Second, this paper considers French attitude for the League of Nations from 1920 to 1923. During this period, France has looked for a more powerful mechanism of the national security, but each of French attempt for the security was deadlocked. However, in 1923, the Draft Treaty of Mutual Assistance (Projet de traité de garantie mutuelle) was submitted to the Assembly of the League of Nations. This draft has tried to enforce disarmament and collective security as one, but it broke down because of the British opposition.</p><p>Finally, this paper focuses the Protocol for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes (Protocole pour le réglement pacifique des différends internationaux) in 1924. This protocol was strongly supported by the new French prime minister Édouard Herriot. He looked for the alliance with the United Kingdom at first, but British prime minister, Ramsay MacDonald, rejected his offer. Therefore, Herriot sought to put his plan into practice at the League of Nations. However, after all, this protocol broke down, too.</p><p>As stated above, France has sought to strengthen the collective security, either at the League of Nations or at the bilateral level. From 1919 to 1924, each of French attempt for the security turned out a failure. However, in this period, France gradually accepted the principle of “New Diplomacy.” And in this background, there is the unstable domestic situation, such as the fall of franc or the frequent changes of government. Under the circumstances, for France, the value of the League of Nations has steadily been raised.</p>