Memorandum:Co ncerning the Expansion of Japanese Consular Police in Hebei and Chahar after the Manchurian Incident

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  • 覚書：満洲事変後の冀察方面における領事館警察の膨張について
  • オボエガキ : マンシュウ ジヘン ゴ ノ キサツホウメン ニ オケル リョウジカン ケイサツ ノ ボウチョウ ニ ツイテ

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Abstract

Between the Manchurian Incident and the Japanese Intervention to North China, the expansion of Japanese consular police forces in Hebei and Chahar provinces was evident, but this was not merely a numerical increase; there was also a change in character of the Japanese consular police in China. Before the Manchurian Incident, the distribution of consular police in this area was limited to specific regions such as Tianjin and Beijing. That was so because Japan also held an understanding of their commercial treaties with China by which foreigners with consular jurisdiction authority enjoyed freedom of residence and business limited in principle only to ports and cities opened by those treaties. After the Manchurian Incident, however, Japan throw away such understanding in Hebei and Chahar and expanded consular police forces in location over the limited areas. The Tanggu armistice agreement made a demilitarized zone in Hebei and Chahar where the Japanese military forces had occupied during the Manchurian Incident. After the armistice within that demilitaeized region there arose an increase in resident Japanese nationals, and consular police forces then increased in size and location in order to protect and control those residents, which in turn led to increased numbers of new Japanese residents. As a result, in these areas a policy emerged for the 'opening of concessions' ('naichi zakkyō') for Japanese nationals while maintaining extraterritorial rights, and the expansion of Japanese consular police forces continued simultaneously. These circumstances represent a significant divergence from how the commercial treaties were understood by the Japanese side before the Manchurian Incident. After the beginning of the China-Japan war in 1937, the growth of Japanese consular police forces continued in conjunction with the Japanese army's occupation of northern China, and then expanded over time into central, south and ultimately all of China.

Journal

  • 人文學報

    人文學報 106 239-278, 2015-04-30

    THE INSTITUTE FOR RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES, KYOTO UNIVERSITY

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