近代の沖縄県とバスク地方におけるアメリカ合衆国本土への移民の特性 : 国頭郡羽地村とビスカイア県ムヒカの比較を通じて

This article showed historical courses of immigration and actions of immigrants before or after they immigrated from Okinawa prefecture or Basque Country to the United States in modern. Using historical data of immigration, comparisons were made between Haneji Village in Kunigami County, Okinawa prefecture and Muxika in Bizkaia Province, Basque Country, which had common characteristics with respect to agricultural area and number of immigrants.Immigrants from Okinawa began immigrating directly to the United Sates as early as 1889. After the Gentleman’s Agreement in 1908, direct immigration stopped, and new arrivals found entrance via Hawaii, Mexico, and Canada. With the introduction of the Immigration Act of 1924 and the advent of World War Ⅱ , Japanese immigration effectively stopped. In constant, in Basque Country, there were immigrants to the United States via Central and South America as a result of the Gold Rush of the 1840s and the opening of transcontinental railways in 1860s. Additional causes of Basque immigration to the United States include the Immigration Act of 1924, the Taylor Grazing Act of 1934, and the start of the Spanish Civil War in 1937 until the end of the Franco autocracy in 1973. Subsequently, this article looked to Haneji and Muxika for a comparison of historical courses of immigration and actions of immigrants before or after they emigrate. In Haneji, there were immigrants from 1902 to 1926, with two peaks of emigration―one in the 1900s and the other after the 1910s. In Muxika, there were emigrants consistently from 1890 to 1967, much longer than in Haneji, largely due to the Spanish Civil War and Franco autocracy. In Haneji, some of the early emigrants were teachers or democrats before they emigrated because they resisted politicians or business owners of the Japanese mainland from 1880 to 1890s. Furthermore, Haneji experienced chain migration. In Muxika, most of the emigrants were carpenters, railroad workers, and farmers before they emigrated. In Haneji, during the 1900s, immigration brokers were on the rise. InMuxika, many of those who left opted not to depart from Bilbao but rather, via Bilbao as via ports in France or England. In Haneji, males emigrated either with their wives and children or called them 10-15 years after they first emigrated. In Muxika, people took advantage of contacts like cousins, brothers, or friends and married women from the United States who did not hail from Muxika. After immigration, those from Haneji settled in southern California or Arizona and converted their profession from farm workers to farmers or business owners. Immigrants from Muxika settled primarily in south Idaho, north Nevada or northern California and converted their profession from sheepherders to sheep ranchers, hotel owners, or seamen. Many of the immigrants from Haneji and Muxika did not return home, opting to settle in the United States. Therefore, immigrants from Okinawa and Basque Country to the United States commonly came to earn money via the agriculture or sheep industries and settled in the United States as business owners during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

紀要論文