In the present paper, 17 genera and 37 species of Japanese Ctenopelmatinae were taxonomically studied. The genera Mesoleptidea Viereck, 1912, Lagarotis Förster, 1869, and Lethades Davis, 1897 were newly recorded from Japan. The following 22 new species were described: Notopygus bicornis sp. nov., N. japonicus sp. nov. (Ctenopelmatini); Anisotacrus nocturnus sp. nov., An. pulchellus sp. nov., Euryproctus flavidens sp. nov., Mesoleptidea amanoi sp. nov., Mesolep. japonica sp. nov., Mesolep. mesorufa sp. nov. (Euryproctini); Alcochera nigra sp. nov., Campodorus albimarginalis sp. nov., Ca. japonicus sp. nov., Ca. rufidorsalis sp. nov., Hyperbatus ariminensis sp. nov., H. borealis sp. nov., H. montanus sp. nov., H. nigrifemur sp. nov., Lagarotis nigra sp. nov., Lamachus montanus sp. nov., Leipula pulchra sp. nov., Mesoleius morishitai sp. nov. (Mesoleiini); Perilissus autumnalis sp. nov. (Perilissini); Lethades kanagawensis sp. nov. (Pionini). Ischnus karafutonis Matsumura, 1911 is newly synonymised with Ct. boreale Holmgren, 1857 (syn. nov.). Five species, Ctenopelma pineatus Sheng, Sun & Li, 2019, Ct. rufofasciatum Sheng, Sun & Li, 2019 (Ctenopelmatini), Mesolep. maculata Sheng, Sun & Li, 2020 (Euryproctini), Al. flavoclypeata Sheng & Sun, 2021, and Perispuda bibullata Sheng, 1999 (Mesoleiini), were newly recorded from Japan. In addition, the ten Japanese species were newly recorded from several localities in Japan.