中学校技術・家庭科（技術分野）における金属加工教材の開発と授業実践による評価

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[要約] 本研究では，学習指導要領の記述の変遷と教科書の内容比較から，現在において金属加工の理論を教える機会が著しく不足していることを指摘した。これに対し，先行研究では理論について詳細に記述された論文においては，教材として加工全般を理解させる論文では各理論の詳細を伝えられるような教材の開発には至っていない。また，授業実践を通して金属加工の理論を理解させる論文では，原子の挙動まで扱いつつも，その挙動を再現できる教材の不足を述べていた。そのため，ミクロな視点を含めた金属加工を学習できるような教材が必要であると考え，金属結晶の挙動を理解できる教材の開発と，金属切断の理論を学習できる授業の立案を行った。その結果，泡モデルを用いることで金属結晶の挙動を動的に再現することに成功した。また，これを応用し切削加工を再現する装置を開発することで，刃先における連続した剪断である切削を動的に再現することに成功した。これを用いて授業実践を行った結果，生徒は理論をふまえた金属加工と切削について理解し，知識と技能を両輪とする技術科の本質について学習させることが達成できた。

[SUMMARY] Based on a comparison of the changes in the descriptions in the Courses of Study and the contents of textbooks, this study pointed out that there is a significant lack of opportunities to teach metalworking theory at present. In contrast, in previous studies, papers that described the theory in detail did not lead to the development of teaching materials, while papers that provided an understanding of machining in general as teaching materials did not lead to the development of teaching materials that conveyed the details of each theory. In addition, the paper on understanding metalworking theory through classroom practice dealt with the behaviour of atoms, but stated that there was a lack of teaching materials that could reproduce this behaviour. Therefore, we considered it necessary to develop teaching materials that would enable students to learn about metalworking, including from a microscopic viewpoint, and we developed teaching materials that would enable students to understand the behaviour of metal crystals and to plan lessons that would enable them to learn about the theory of metal cutting. As a result, we succeeded in dynamically reproducing the behaviour of metal crystals by using a bubble model. In addition, by developing a device to reproduce cutting processes, we succeeded in dynamically reproducing continuous shearing at the edge of a blade. As a result of the classroom practice using this model, students were able to understand metalworking and cutting based on theory, and the essence of technology studies, which is based on both knowledge and skills, was successfully learnt.