Extremely High Frequency Dependence of Two-Dimensional Superfluid Onset

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We observed the frequency dependence of the superfluid transition of 4He films adsorbed on planar gold up to a very high frequency of 180 MHz, using the overtone harmonic modes of a quartz crystal microbalance. The superfluid onset was observed at a temperature markedly higher than the Kosterlitz–Thouless (KT) transition temperature, the onset temperature in the low-frequency limit. The observed frequency dependence is surprisingly well reproduced by the dynamic theory close to the high-frequency condition where the vortex diffusion length in a period becomes as small as the vortex core diameter. We also observed that the superfluid vortex parameters depend strongly on the kind of substrate as well as on 4He film thickness.

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