行為の記述・動機の帰属・実践の編成

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  • Description of Actions, Ascription of Motives, and Organization of Practices
  • コウイ ノ キジュツ ドウキ ノ キゾク ジッセン ノ ヘンセイ

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How does “description” matter to sociology? This question arises from the following concerns : (a) that the description of the social objects of inquiry may be extended indefinitely and (b) that description is not merely a resource for sociological study but that the practice of description itself is a topic of sociological inquiry (Schegloff 1988). To restate these concerns more broadly : (a) Could there be such a thing as an “exhaustive” description (i.e., a problem regarding the possibility of description) and (b) How should sociological description relate itself to members' description (i.e., a problem regarding the status of description).<BR>In this paper, I will demonstrate that the skeptical attitude of (a) is based on a misleading assumption, which dismisses the fact that the activity of description embraces the ascription of motives to membership categories. I will show that by rejecting such skepticism, we may be able to understand that members' description of a practice is part of the practice itself.<BR>I will then move on to (b) and examine the suggestion by H. Sacks and E. Schegloff that sociological description should be constrained by the procedural character of vernacular activities. Subsequently, based on this examination and by analyzing the data derived from medical encounters, I will demonstrate that the description of actions is an activity of ascribing motives and responsibility, and that such activities are a constituent part of organizing practices.<BR>Describing an action always involves some level of friction and is, in itself, equivalent to ascribing motives and responsibilities, criticizing, making excuses, and giving justifications. Further, ascribing responsibilities is always a part of various practices (such as giving/taking advice). With these points in mind, I will conclude by suggesting a way of describing such organizations of practice.

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