Nitrogen Cycling in Rice Paddy Environments: Past Achievements and Future Challenges

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  • Ishii Satoshi
    Division of Environmental Engineering, Hokkaido University
  • Ikeda Seishi
    Upland Farming Research Division, Hokkaido Agricultural Research Center, National Agricultural and Food Research Organization
  • Minamisawa Kiwamu
    Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University
  • Senoo Keishi
    Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo

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Nitrogen is generally the most limiting nutrient for rice production. In rice paddy soils, various biochemical processes can occur regarding N cycling, including nitrification, denitrification, and nitrogen fixation. Since its discovery in the 1930s, the nitrification-denitrification process has been extensively studied in Japan. It may cause N loss from rice paddy soils, while it can also reduce environmental pollutions such as nitrate leaching and emission of nitrous oxide (N2O). In this review article, we first summarize the early and important findings regarding nitrification-denitrification in rice paddy soils, and then update recent findings regarding key players in denitrification and N2O reduction. In addition, we also discuss the potential occurrence of other newly found reactions in the N cycle, such as archaeal ammonia oxidization, fungal denitrification, anaerobic methane oxidation coupled with denitrification, and anaerobic ammonium oxidation.<br>

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