Carcinogenicity of multi-walled carbon nanotubes: challenging issue on hazard assessment

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  • Fukushima Shoji
    Japan Bioassay Research Center, Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety Association for Promotion of Research on Risk Assessment
  • Kasai Tatsuya
    Japan Bioassay Research Center, Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety
  • Umeda Yumi
    Japan Bioassay Research Center, Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety
  • Ohnishi Makoto
    Japan Bioassay Research Center, Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety
  • Sasaki Toshiaki
    Japan Bioassay Research Center, Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety
  • Matsumoto Michiharu
    Japan Bioassay Research Center, Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety

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<p>Objectives: This report reviews the carcinogenicity of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in experimental animals, concentrating on MWNT-7, a straight fibrous MWCNT. Methods: MWCNTs were administered to mice and rats by intraperitoneal injection, intrascrotal injection, subcutaneous injection, intratracheal instillation and inhalation. Results: Intraperitoneal injection of MWNT-7 induced peritoneal mesothelioma in mice and rats. Intrascrotal injection induced peritoneal mesothelioma in rats. Intratracheal instillation of MWCNT-N (another straight fibrous MWCNT) induced both lung carcinoma and pleural mesothelioma in rats. In the whole body inhalation studies, in mice MWNT-7 promoted methylcholanthrene-initiated lung carcinogenesis. In rats, inhalation of MWNT-7 induced lung carcinoma and lung burdens of MWNT-7 increased with increasing concentration of airborne MWNT-7 and increasing duration of exposure. Conclusions: Straight, fibrous MWCNTs exerted carcinogenicity in experimental animals. Phagocytosis of MWCNT fibers by macrophages was very likely to be a principle factor in MWCNT lung carcinogenesis. Using no-observed-adverse-effect level-based approach, we calculated that the occupational exposure limit (OEL) of MWNT-7 for cancer protection is 0.15 μg/m3 for a human worker. Further studies on the effects of the shape and size of MWCNT fibers and mode of action on the carcinogenicity are required.</p>

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