富山売薬商人の商業経営 : とくに懸場帳を中心にして (近世と商業経営)

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タイトル別名
  • Business Management of the Toyama Medicine-Peddlers
  • 富山売薬商人の商業経営--とくに懸場帳を中心にして
  • トヤマ バイヤク ショウニン ノ ショウギョウ ケイエイ トクニ ケンジョウチョウ オ チュウシン ニ シテ

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Toyama Prefecture is best known for its patent medicines. Approximately 20,000 persons are employed in the manufacture and sale of them. About 13,000-in feudal age about 4,500-are peddlers who cater to almost all towns and villages in Japan from Toyama, and almost every household keeps a Toyama medicine bag. A Toyama drug salesman comes regularly twice a year, in spring and autumn to the customers, to collect money for what has been used, and leave a new supply, anticipating the demand for members of the home. He is a "petty capitalist" by Dr. N. S. B. Gras. This old provincial industry had a 300 year history. It is wonderful to find such a traditional industry surviving. This business is above all convenient for customers. In feudal age, many Toyama Peddlers bought many materials from Osaka and manufactured in a corner of their house. They constituted 21 guilds called "Kumi" according to their pedding regions. The constitution of the "Kumi" controlled strictly not only the daily behaviors of its members in peddling, but also did fair dealing, promising positivily of the right of priority with customers and prohibiting discount. Also the "Kumi" moved against feudallords' policy of trade balance, for the salesmen were seen importers of medicines from outside. Sometimes they made a honorary consul in feudal territory of peddling area, or they became shipping agents. Here they were "mercantile capitalists" by Gras. Moreover, the business was all written in a customer-note called "Kakebacho" Every salesman must have this note by contract of "Kumi". Each note records the address of customers, quantity of medicines, sales, payment and new medicines. This note has exchangeable value and was sold or bought, or borrowed money on security of it in Toyama. Its value does not equal the total of them, but moreover it contains value of goodwill. This article endevors to collect many materials of this note to make clear its character. I think it is understood a concept of "Gesamtsache" by Paul Oetmann. At end I expect to add some economic explains to the survey of Dr. J. Commoms' Legal Foundation of Kapitalism.

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