日本中世における海民の存在形態

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書誌事項

タイトル別名
  • Fishermen in Japanese Medieval History
  • ニホン チュウセイ ニ オケル カイミン ノ ソンザイ ケイタイ

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説明

During the Middle Ages, fishermen along the coast and rivers of Japan formed a distinct group whose life was quite different from that of peasant farmers. We can roughly divide them into four types: (1) wandering fishermen, (2) privileged fishermen, (3) bond fishers, and (4) free fishermen. Let us discuss them in turn. (1) We do not know very much about wandering fishers since they left little records, but their existence cannot be denied. (2) Among the privileged group were palatine or religious servants. They obtained the privilege in fishing and trade by subordinating themselves to the authority, and their obligation was to deliver certain amounts of fish to their lords. Though the right to use the waters was a common right in its origin, it became the privilege of a certain authority, especially that of the emperor. As a result, the privilege was granted by the emperor. (3) The unfree fishemen did not own ships, nets, etc. and were subject to the will of their lords. They formed a group called ichirui or tou and usually operated with two ships. Later, they became to own ships and settled on the coastal land. Their lords were called "pirates" who engaged in martime activities. (4) The free fishermen formed a community with class differentiation, and owned their ships. They settled on the coast and also engaged in salt production and coastal trade. Free and unfree fishermen, after settlement, developed a customary right to rule the waters, and their interests crushed with those of privileged fishermen. Though the right of the former became dominant and established by the beginning of the Modern period, the privilege of the latter did not vanish from the scene. Since this privilege is closely related to the imperial power, it is important to clarify the privielge in order to understand the emperor system and the reason of its continuity.

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