一九世紀東中部スウェーデンの地主大農場経営における「日割労働」

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タイトル別名
  • 'Day-work' at large farming estates in eastcentral Sweden during the nineteenth century
  • 19世紀東中部スウェーデンの地主大農場経営における「日割労働」
  • 19セイキ トウチュウブ スウェーデン ノ ジヌシ ダイノウジョウ ケイエイ

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抄録

At large farming estates in east-cerntral Sweden,'day-work' (dagsverke) was imposed on peasants and crofters (torpzrre) as a form of land rent as late as the latter half of the 19th century. Past research on the subject identifies two reasons for the continuance of such labor obligations. First, there was little merit in relying completely on wage labor under unmeclnanized conditions because of the irregular demand for labor over the different crop seasons. Secondly, it was economically and socially advantageous for the landed estates to maintain tenant farmers and crofters. However, these two features are by no means limited to east-central Sweden. It is therefore necessary to explain why such a system persisted in this era even though married farmhands (statare) were also employed on the demesne. The purpose of this paper is to clarify the socio-economic background of labor during the 19th century. The conclusions are as follows: (1) Peasants who paid rents mainly in money or in kind were required to work at most thirty days a year. It is reasonable to consider that such labor obligations reflect the very uneven seasonal demand for labor mentioned above. But, peasants and crofters who paid rents mainly via labor were required to work for about 300 days, with little regard to seasonal changes. I propose that this year-round day-work schedule was a means of overcoming any shortages of paid labor. (2) In order to meet their labor obligations, peasants and crofters sent their servants or children to manor farms. This suggests that the year-round day-work functioned as a kind of compulsory apprenticeship. From this vantage point, I conclude that in the underdeveloped labor market of the 19th century, day-work was used by landowners as an effective method of extracting labor from those living in peasants' and crofters' homes.

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