明代挙人層の形成過程に関する一考察 : 科挙条例の検討を中心として

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タイトル別名
  • A Study of the Formative Process of the Ju-ren (挙人) Class in the Ming : mainly a Study of Examination System Regulations
  • ミンダイ キョジンソウ ノ ケイセイ カテイ ニ カンスル イチコウサツ カキ

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抄録

u-ren who passed the xiang-shi (郷試) exams in the Ming dynasty had not only the qualification of being able to take the Hui-shi (会試) examination all their lives but also the social status of one who has entered the National University (国子監) and thus the chance of being appointed to office. The aim of this article is to verify, from a legal point of view, 1that from the mid-Ming the Ju-ren, even before their appointment to office, had, while living in the countryside, been forming a new status stratum among the local elite. In the Hong-wu and Yong-le eras (i.e., 1368-1424) a few Ju-ren returned home without entering the National University even though they had a chance of being appointed to office. Most Ju-ren who failed in the Hui-shi exams were Ju-ren jian-sheng (挙人監生) attending the National University. But, in the first half of the fifteenth century Ming fiscal difficulties compelled Ju-ren attending the National University to return temporarily to their permanent place of residence. After the Cheng-hua and Hong-zhi eras (i.e., 1465-1505) most Ju-ren refused to re-enter the National University, and in spite of penal rules they chose to return home in face of the difficulty they had in acquiring an official post and in meeting the requirements of the Hui-shi exams. From the second half of the fifteenth century most Ju-ren stayed in their native area regardless of whether or not they entered the National University. Certain examination system regulations were applied to them, because they were politically very active. They pressed illegal demands on influential people inside and outside of the local yamens in rural society. In 1605 the proscription forbidding those punished for violations involving entrance or return to the National University from taking the Hui-shi exams took effect. The emperor did away with regulations compelling Ju-ren to enter the National University, and he allowed them to stay in their local area while he adopted new regulations for recommendations and evaluation of their merits. At the same time he tried to use the Xun-an yu-shi (巡按御史) to strengthen management of the Ju-ren. But by the end of the Ming such management of Ju-ren residing in their local area was no longer functioning.

収録刊行物

  • 史学雑誌

    史学雑誌 87 (3), 310-345,408-40, 1978

    公益財団法人 史学会

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