One Hundred Years of Bacillus thuringiensis Research and Development:Discovery to Transgenic Crops

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  • One Hundred Years of <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> Research and Development: Discovery to Transgenic Crops

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Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), a bacterium known for its insecticide activity, was discovered in 1901 by a Japanese scientist who was studying a silkworm disease. The ailment, known as the “sotto” disease, is very virulent as it kills the insect almost instantaneously. He observed that death occurred before the bacterium multiplied and suggested that a toxin, not bacterial infection, was involved in the early stage of the pathogenicity. Modern biochemical studies, such as isolation of the protein responsible for insecticidal activity, began in the 1950's. During the same period, the first large scale, commercial production of sprayable Bt formulations in the U. S. took place in California. The industry flourished after a high potent strain, Bt kurstaki HD1, was reported in 1970. In 1981, the first gene for the crystalliferous insecticidal protein (crystal protein) was cloned from a variant strain of HD1 and sequenced. Since then, numerous genes have been cloned and characterized. These genes, called cry and cyt, have been classified into some 30 different groups by amino acid sequences of the proteins encoded by the genes. Extensive studies in biochemistry and molecular biology of the crystal proteins and their genes have been conducted. Receptor genes for the Bt crystal protein have been cloned, and regulation of the cry gene expression in Bt has been thoroughly studied. Technical and commercial success of transgenic crop plants expressing Bt insecticidal protein genes encourages further study on this scientifically and politically interesting subject matter.

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