Cognitive Neuropsychological Approach to Dysphasia and Dyslexia — What is in Common?

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  • 失語症と失読症の認知神経心理学—その接点—

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Traditional view of language hypothesizes two distinct mechanisms, the mental grammar and lexicon. In pasttense generation of English regular verbs, for instnace, morpheme ⁄-t⁄, ⁄-d⁄ or ⁄-Id⁄ is added to the verb stem depending on the word final consonant (e.g., ⁄luk⁄-⁄lukt⁄). The same is true for Japanese although it has dozens of verb inflectional endings. On the other hand, there are verbs to which rules are not applicable, viz., irregular verbs. For these rule-violating verbs the lexicon is referred to retrieve their past-tense forms(e.g., ⁄giv⁄-⁄geiv⁄). Damage to the grammar or lexicon is assumed to produce impairment in past-tense generation of regular or irregular verbs, respectively. Similarly, the traditional view hypothesizes the rule and lexicon in word reading aloud.<br>  Connectionist has a different view. They construct neural networks with phonological, semantic and orthographic layers but without the grammar and lexicon, and demonstrate that such a neural network can generate past-tense forms of both regular and irregular verbs. Disturbance in phonology or semantics produces deficit in past-tense inflection of regular or irregular verbs, respectively. It was shown that the network with a similar structure can read words with regular and irregular spellings.<br>  In this article, I will describe details of the two major neuropsychological theories, and how these work in Japanese verb inflection and word reading.

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