Effects of item wording direction and grouping on psychological measures

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  • 心理尺度における項目の方向性とグループ化の影響
  • シンリ シャクド ニ オケル コウモク ノ ホウコウセイ ト グループカ ノ エイキョウ

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Abstract

This study addressed a problem that researchers are likely to encounter when employing mixed-worded scales, which are scales that contain both positively and negatively worded items. In Study 1, two versions of a self-esteem scale were developed. In the first version of the scale, the order of the 10 items remained identical to that of the published instrument (normal items). In the alternative version of the scale, the items were arranged such that positively worded items appeared earlier and negatively worded items later (grouped items). Results indicated that the scores of the grouped positively worded items were higher than those for normal items. In study 2, although professional efficacy is measured by positively worded items in common Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey (MBI-GS), this study included negatively worded items. Participants responded to 1 of 3 versions (normal items, grouped items, negatively worded items) of the MBI-GS. Results indicated that compared to normal efficacy items, negatively worded items and grouped items were more strongly related to the other two burnout components (i.e., exhaustion and cynicism); and (2) had higher total score. Moreover, (3) it was indicated that the middle response category was chosen less often.

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