Implications of the Supine Position in Human Infants for Child Development and Childrearing : A Comparative Developmental Perspective of Behavioral Studies

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  • あおむけで他者,自己,物とかかわる赤ちゃん : 子育ちと子育ての比較行動発達学
  • アオムケ デ タシャ ジコ モノ ト カカワル アカチャン コソダチ ト コソダテ ノ ヒカク コウドウ ハッタツガク

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From an epigenesist viewpoint which emphasizes the role that developmental plasticity plays in evolution, Gottlieb's hypothesis of behavioral neophenotypes suggested that genetic assimilation may provide a general model to conceptualize the evolution of new species. The role of heterochrony was also considered as an important factor for the modification of ontogeny. A discussion was presented to suggest the developmental and evolutionary implications of the supine position of human infants for (1) the large size of neonates, (2) the emergence of "childhood" and caregiving by multiple caregivers, (3) the "trade-off' in mother-infant interaction, (4) general movements, (5) self-contact behaviors, and (6) manipulation of objects. Greenspan and Shanker's hypothesis was also considered, to suggest the importance of the development of emotional organization and mother-infant communication, and accordingly the supine position, in order for representation to emerge in human ontogeny. Lastly, using a four-dimensional ultrasonography with human and chimpanzee fetuses, ongoing comparative developmental research conducted by the authors was presented to promote an understanding of the early development of behaviors and the implications of the development of these behaviors for the cognitive and emotional development and evolution of both species.

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