Establishment of the Concept of Gakkoen and the 1905 Notice Regarding School Gardens

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  • 学校園概念の成立 : 1905年学校園施設通牒をめぐって
  • ガッコウエン ガイネン ノ セイリツ 1905ネン ガッコウエン シセツ ツウチョウ オ メグッテ

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This paper clarifies the process by which Gakkoen (school gardens) were established by the 1905 "Notice Regarding School Gardens" (Gakkoenshisetsutsucho) Promulgated by the Offices of General Education and Vocational Education of the Ministry of Education. While gakkoen were established by the "Gakkoenshisetsutsucho," reference books written by Harizuka Chotaro and Tanahashi Gentaro, as well as an abridged translation of an encyclopedia edited by Wilhelm Rein, popularized the idea. Gakkoen were unique among conventional facilities in that they were not only for educational purposes, such as instruction by observation, but also for discipline education through labor and for arousing interest in agricultural education. In order to demonstrate the existence of facilities similar to Gakkoen prior to 1905, this paper examines guidelines and magazines about school management by looking at terminology, institutions, and content. This study reveals that before 1905, terms such as "Gakkoen" were used to introduce foreign of similar programs. Regarding institutions, there were no plans for the establishment of Gakkoen. As for content, there were not only "Teien" (gardens), and "Shokubutsuen" (botanical gardens) for observation, but also "Jitsugyoen" (experiential gardens) established for the promotion of agricultural education. This paper also examines books by Harizuka Chotaro of the Vocational Education Office, Tanahashi Gentaro of Tokyo Higher Normal School, etc., to confirm a transition in early history, terminology, and content of pre-1905 programs and Gakkoen. Gakkoen are clearly different from conventional facilities such as Teien, Shokubutsuen, Jitsujoen, etc. Gakkoen were established with new educational concepts and purposes, such as instruction by observation in general education, discipline education through work, and the arousal of interest in agricultural education.

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