The Form on Nursing and "Conduct Curriculum" : What Effect P.S. Hill's Theory on the Form of Life Had upon the Kindergarten Curriculum in Japan

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  • 保育形態論の確立とコンダクト・カリキュラム : わが国に見るP.S.ヒルの生活形態論の影響について
  • ホイク ケイタイロン ノ カクリツ ト コンダクト カリキュラム ワガクニ ニ

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The purpose of this paper is to analyze Patty Smith Hill's study on the form of life by comparing a draft of Yochien Law in Japan with A Conduct Curriculum for the Kindergarten and First Grade (A Conduct Curriculum) which was developed at Teachers College, Columbia University. American kindergarten education began to make a great progress in the period between the late 19th century and the begining of the 20th century, however, there were serious problems to be solved. The most important of all was the form of teaching 'Gift' in Froebelian kindergarten. In Louisville Anna Bryan and Patty Smith Hill began experimenting with teaching methods of enlisting the child's nature by using the terms of 'free play' and 'dictation play' for reforming the kindergarten practice. Under the direction of Hill, who got a position at Teachers College in 1904, the kindergarten and first grade teachers at Horece Mann School began experimenting with the structure of the curriculum and published A Coduct Curriculum in 1923. In introduction Hill explained that the shaping of specific habits became not only a set of kindergarten goals but a means of measuring change in behavior,however, the building of inventory of habits was not readily accomplished. A "Habit Inventory", a lengthy list of kindergarten activities and the behavioral outcomes they were expected to produce, which became not merely an appendix to the curriculum but a gradual transformer of it. A Conduct Curriculum produced not wider freedom but more repression to children. During 1919-1922 Sozo Kurahashi went abroad and saw the practice of kindergarten at Teachers College. He spoke to Hill and realized that the peculiarity of A Conduct Curriculum regarded the kindergarten as the place of the child's life. He attended to a shortage of interaction among children and recognized it as the cause of probems. In 1925 Kurahashi and others devised a draft of Yochien Law, which emphasized on the actual life of the child and the shaping of character. A Conduct Curriculum strongly influenced the forms of life and life's process in the kindergarten in Japan under the direction of Kurahashi.

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