国境を越えた名誉競争 : 在仏モロッコ移民と母村に残る人々とのつながり

In this article, I focus on the honor competition in which a group of Moroccan immigrants in France and their relatives in Morocco engage. To communicate with the relatives in Morocco, the immigrants used to write letters, but now, they can make telephone calls to each other. This technical innovation enables the immigrants to contact their relatives more frequently and hence to exchange information about everyday matters and rumors more easily. As a result, circles of people that shared the rumors are formed across national boundaries, and the members of these circles compete for one's honor with one another. In many areas of the Mediterranean and especially in Morocco, some anthropologists found the system of 'honor and shame.' They argue that the man of honor must have the 'domain of interdiction' [haram in arabic] and attacked other's honor, hence the competition for honor. The domains of interdiction include virginity of women under their authority and their land holdings. The man of honor must marry a woman, to obtain a domain of interdiction, and he must guard it against from others. He pays attention to his wife's relation with other men. When he has a daughter, he also must control her sexual relation. Regarding the ownership of land, another bet for honor, the man of honor must not deplete his land holding. He must prereserve his land and houseas well as his descent group's territories. For the man of honor, it is not enough to guard his honor against others' attack. It is expected that he challenge others' honor. Immigrants engage in the honor competition in France. They compete not only within immigrant groups, but also with their relatives in Morocco. Their relatives may urge then to participate in local competition at home. Honor belongs not only to an individual but also to his family. I think that participation in honor competition by immigrants also provides them with an opportunity for showing their belongingness to the family across the Mediterranean. This article shall point out that honor competition expanded geographically but also the bet for honor also changed. First, some immigrants began to question the traditional view that female virginity is important for men's honor. This shows in my view that "equality," an important value of the French republic, started to influence the immigrants, especially the second generation. Second, land holdings were the most important bet for honor in Morocco, but in France the immigrants bet for honor by buying such electric appliances as video cameras and personal computers, and by building 'western' houses in their home city in Morocco. This shows that French "consumption" culture now permeates the immigrants. The aboveobservations indicate that the "hybridization of honor" has occurred. The immigrants were not assimilated into the host culture, but they combined elements of the Moroccan culture with those of the French culture and invented a new culture of their own.