Effects of Density on the Survival and Development of Nymphs in the Pine Spittlebug, Aphrophora flavipes (Homoptera : Cercopidae) Experiments in an Outdoor Cage

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Effects of density on the survival and development of the pine spittlebug, Aphrophora flavipes were tested by rearing individuals on 2- or 3-year-old potted Japanese red pine seedlings in an outdoor cage from 1st or 2nd instar to adult emergence and varying the initial number of individuals. The rate of survivorship was highest at the medium density (9 or 12 individuals/tree) and decreased with increasing density. Also when the density was very low (3 individuals/tree), the survival rate was relatively low, indicating that some degree of aggregation has a beneficial effect. The developmental rate and body size of emerged adults were inversely correlated with the nymphal density. Branching of the 3-year-old host tree complicated the density effect by allowing the movements of nymphs from one terminal to another.

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