Factors Associated with Vitamin D Deficiency in European Adolescents: The HELENA Study

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  • VALTUEÑA Jara
    ImFine Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Ghent University
  • GONZÁLEZ-GROSS Marcela
    ImFine Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid Institut für Ernährungs- und Lebensmittelwissenschaften-Humanernährung, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms Universität Bonn
  • HUYBRECHTS Inge
    Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Ghent University
  • BREIDENASSEL Christina
    ImFine Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid Institut für Ernährungs- und Lebensmittelwissenschaften-Humanernährung, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms Universität Bonn
  • FERRARI Marika
    National Research Institute on Food and Nutrition
  • MOURATIDOU Theodora
    Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Departamento de Fisiatría y Enfermería, Universidad de Zaragoza
  • GOTTRAND Frederic
    Inserm U995, IFR114, University of Lille 2
  • DALLONGEVILLE Jean
    Institut Pasteur de Lille, INSERM U744
  • AZZINI Elena
    National Research Institute on Food and Nutrition
  • SIOEN Isabelle
    Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Ghent University Research Foundation-Flanders
  • GÓMEZ-MARTÍNEZ Sonia
    Immunonutrition Research Group, Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science and Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)
  • CUENCA-GARCÍA Magdalena
    Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, Granada University
  • KERSTING Mathilde
    Research Institute of Child Nutrition Dortmund, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms Universität Bonn
  • STEHLE Peter
    Institut für Ernährungs- und Lebensmittelwissenschaften-Humanernährung, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms Universität Bonn
  • KAFATOS Anthony
    Preventive Medicine and Nutrition Clinic, University of Crete School of Medicine
  • MANIOS Yannis
    Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University
  • WIDHALM Kurt
    Department of Pediatrics, Private Medical University
  • A. MORENO Luis
    Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Departamento de Fisiatría y Enfermería, Universidad de Zaragoza Grupo de Investigación GENUD: Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development

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Evidence indicates low 25-hydroxyvitamin D [(25(OH)D] concentrations in European adolescents. Identification of potential determinants is therefore essential to guide public health initiatives aiming at optimizing vitamin D status across Europe. The aim of the study was to identify potential influencing factors of 25(OH)D concentrations in European adolescents aged 12.5 to 17.5 y, participating in the multi-centre cross-sectional Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence (HELENA) study. A subset of 1,006 participants (46.8% males) was drawn from the main study. Measures of body composition, biochemical markers, socioeconomic status, dietary intake, physical activity, fitness, sleep time and vitamin D genetic polymorphism (rs1544410) were assessed. Stepwise multivariate linear regression analysis was conducted stratified by gender. In males, linear regression of 25(OH)D, suggested that (1) winter season (β=−0.364; p<0.01), (2) higher latitudes (β=−0.246; p<0.01), (3) BMI z-score (β=−0.198; p<0.05) and (4) retinol concentration (β=0.171; p<0.05) independently influenced 25(OH)D concentrations. In females, (1) winter season (β=−0.370; p<0.01), (2) sleep time (β=−0.231; p<0.01), (3) supplement intake (β=0.221; p<0.05), (4) flexibility (β=0.184; p<0.05), (5) body fat % (β=0.201; p<0.05) (6), BMI z-score (β=−0.272; p<0.05), (7) higher latitudes (β=−0.219; p<0.01) and (8) handgrip strength (β=0.206; p<0.05) independently influenced 25(OH)D concentrations. Season, latitude, fitness, adiposity, sleep time and micronutrient supplementation were highly related to 25(OH)D concentrations found in European adolescents.

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