This paper aims to show the personality of Aimé Césaire through his poetry, especially Notebook of return to the native land, and to understand his political life as Martinican politician with interviews and consultation of archives. Aimé Césaire, a well known poet of Negritude, was Mayer of Fort-de-France [1945-2001] and French deputy continually who represented Martinique [1945-1993] by chance, Yet his political action was inseparable from that of poet. Proses and verses of Césaire, afford to trace the origin of “Negro”, derived from massive deportation from Africa under the slavery system and colonialism, are composed with their histories the way to live today for black people. His perspective invites to find those which enabled the outer island of Antilles and its insular enclave of Martinique after abolition of slavery in amnesia and to exposure to the world. Thus for interlocutor of Césaire, poet­Mayer of Fort-de-France, the principal city of Martinique, his famous poem Notebook of a return to the native land is considered the basic aspect of his political action. The politics carried by Martinican Progressist Party, that he founded in 1958 after demissioned from French Communist Party, was to unite Martinican nationalist toward orientation of decolonization. Resolutely autonomist, in seventies he considered that culture can play the key role to change Antilles, he started concretizing his vision of Martinique, explored in his poetry as municipal politics for Fort-de-France where he got majority. May 1981, when he declared moratorium in politic to become alley of François Mitterrand and his party, is considered the crucial moment of rupture for politician in general as autonomist. However in the light of facts, invention of Région d’Outre-Mer, the institutional framework made by two decades of reforms of decentralization after 1981, as mono­département shows that the tracks before and after then, with archives and interviews of actors at that time let us know the political approach of Césaire without interrupt. His orientation for greater autonomy for Martinique federated France was encouraged with consent of People, and supported national majority. That implies the importance of his political attitude and his personality. Behind, as poet engage, he made a pact with himself and with his People of Martinique when he has assumed formally the responsibility of Fort­de-France as Mayer after elected by his fellow councilors in 1945. His political career was devoted entirely to represent his People. What poet describes as Martinicans and the town of Fort-de-France after abolition, asks the politician to outline the profile of the town to build, give reality of municipal life. Which invited national alley of Socialist Party and President of the Republic Mitterrand, to help him concretize his vision of Martinique, though as strategy to win electors votes, translated in his Notebook.