「文明化」についての試論（上）: ノルベルト・エリアス『文明化の過程』に寄せて

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タイトル別名
  • Civilization as a Specifically European Concept (1)
  • ブンメイカ ニ ツイテ ノ シロン ウエ ノルベルト エリアス ブンメイカ ノ

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Contrary to the term culture, which has a long history, the wordcivilization was created only around the middle of the 18th century,almost contemporarily in French (civilisation) and in English. Theuse of this word represented a new self-awareness, a new vision ofthe world, and of Western Europe.The author distinguishes three basic meanings of civilization:(1) universal movement toward a certain type of perfection in material,intellectual and social life (or, in the perfective sense, theadvanced stage in socio-cultural development) ; (2) a summation ofvalues, knowledge and customs peculiar to a people, nation or region;and (3) refinement of a way of life, particularly deportment insocial life.Drawing largely on Norbert Elias' "'Ober den Prozess derZivilisation", this paper explores the social origin of the conceptof civilization by examining the interrelationship of the threemeanings, and also by studying such terms as culture, barbarity,courtesyp, oliteness,a nd the like, which constitute the same semanticfield as civilization. An emphasis is placed on the importance ofthe coincidence between the formation of the concept of civilizationand that of the modern civilized style of life among the Europeanmiddle-class in the 18th century, as exemplified by table-manners,the development of personal space (owing partly to the diffusion ofarm-chairs) and the use of second-person plural as a form of address.The concept of civilization is very closely related to the establishmentof these polite forms of conduct. For the European peasantrycivilized behavior is understood above all as being the good mannersof the urban middle-class. The peasantry was influenced by thesemanners, but it also reacted against them.The dynamic features of interaction between the civilized styleand folk style of life will be discussed in a forthcoming paper, andexemplified by reference to modern European history.

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