移住と生業戦略 : インドネシア，セラム島の農村における生業活動と食物利用

This paper examines the variation in subsistence pattern and fooduse among the households of a coastal community of Seram Island, Indonesia,which subsists mainly on shifting cultivation, exploitation ofsago palms, fishing, and the collection and sale of such cash-crop trees asclove, coconut palm, and cacao.The data was gathered from 50 households by the questionnairemethod during a 2-month stay in 1996. With respect to subsistence activities,the questionnaire to each household enquired about: (1) kindsof subsistence activities the household engages in, (2) the approximatemonthly income from each activity, (3) kinds of food crop and cashcroptrees, (4) ownership or usufruct of sago palms, (5) the numberof sago palms exploited in a month, (6) methods and monthly frequencyof fishing.The questionnaire for food use was conducted on seven successivedays. The kinds of food consumed in the three meals of the day wererecorded, separating staple food and side dishes. The monthly amountof money expended on the purchase of food was also asked.On the basis of subsistence patterns, which are defined as differentcombinations of the three subsistence activities (agriculture, includingsilviculture of cash-crop trees, exploitation of sago palms, and fishing) ,the households are classified into four types: (A) engaging only inagriculture (22.0%) , (B) agriculture and exploitation of sago palms(18.0%) , (C) agriculture and fishing (26.0%) , (D) all the kinds of subsistenceactivity (34.0%) . The monthly income from agriculture, exploitationof sago palms, and fishing averages 21,800 Rp (Rupiah),42,900 Rp, and 15,400 Rp, respectively. There is a great variation inmonthly income among the households, averaging 55,900 Rp. Theaverage monthly income of the B-type households is the highest (80,900Rp) among the four types of the households, and about four times asmuch as that of the A-type households.In order to analyze the variation of subsistence pattern, thehouseholds are divided into three types: the "indigenous" households (Itype)whose heads belong to the nine patri-clans which are indigenous tothe village territory, and the "immigrant" households whose heads (IIItype)or forefathers (II-type) migrated from other areas of Indonesia.The most conspicuous difference is found in the exploitation of sagopalms. The I-type households engage in the activity with a four timeshigher percentage than III-type households (80% vs. 20%) . This isbecause only the I-type households have ownership or usufruct ofnaturally-growing sago palms. About 55% of the III-type householdsbelong to the C-type subsistence pattern, which is not found in the I-typehouseholds. The average monthly income is the highest in the I-typehouseholds (64,400 Rp/month) , and the lowest in the III-typehouseholds (41,500 Rp/month) . The percentage of households owningclove trees is significantly higher in the "indigenous households" than inthe "immigrant households", although there is no difference in the ownershipof cacao trees that have been recently introduced to the village.From the data on 483 meals, the most important staple food is sagostarch, accounting for 29.2% of the total number of instances. Otherstaple foods are ordered in importance: rice (23.2%) , banana (19.1%) ,cassava (18.5%) , and others (10.0%) . Vegetables account for 49.5%of the total instances of side dishes, and fish species are second in importance,accounting for 39.9%. Meat, beef, pork or chicken, and eggs occupythe remainder, together accounting for 10.6%. There is also a considerablevariation in food use among the types of subsistence pattern.