非公式帝国主義とヘスペリア号事件 (1879) : コレラ防疫と日本の治外法権撤廃要求

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  • Informal Imperialism and the 1879 Hesperia Incident : Containing Cholera and Challenging Extraterritoriality in Japan

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Informal empire is a classical term of diplomatic history to designate the British role in East Asia after the Opium Wars. This paper looks at informal imperialism more broadly to question the interaction of foreign powers and their citizens with and within Japan. It argues for a contested complexity of the extraterritorial arrangements such that Japanese independence was not only advocated against foreign imperialism but partly with the support of imperial powers and their nationals, according to international legal and political norms prior to the popular Japanese treaty revision movement of the 1880s and early 1890s. On 15 July 1879, the German government ordered the merchant ship Hesperia to break Japanese quarantine regulations and enter the port of Yokohama. This action resulted in furious Japanese and international condemnation. Some scholars claim the deed transmitted cholera to Japan and led to over 100,000 deaths in 1879 alone. What is beyond dispute is that the event ignited a fierce debate on Western extraterritoriality in Japan and abroad, renewed calls for a renegotiation of the international treaties and led to a reorganization of the Japanese maritime quarantine system. While today the “Hesperia incident” has been forgotten, it revealed significant disagreements on the nature of extraterritoriality among the various powers and different international approaches to combating epidemic disease. Most importantly, it questions the common vision of a united front of Western imperialists enforcing their interpretation of “unequal treaties” on a defenseless Japan.

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