社会のダイナミズムとしての機能的寛容:マイケル・ウォルツァーの『寛容について』を中心として

type:P(論文)

This paper is a sequel of “Functional Tolerance as a Structure of Society:From the Person to the Individual.” Functional tolerance proposed by Yoichiro Murakami is a key concept of ICU-COE program “Peace, Security and Conviviality.” According to Murakami, society and epistemic framework consist of nomos and chaos. The regulative power of nomos is not comprehensive and chaos has a surplus part which is not regulated. This part is called functional tolerance. He developed his theory by referring to Michael Walzer’s On Toleration. The purpose of this paper is to reconsider this book to find the new possibility of Walzer’s discussion.Walzer showed 5 regimes of toleration. The first 3 regimes, multinational empires, international society and consociations, tolerate groups. In multinational empires, “the survival of different communities depends only on official toleration, which is sustained, mostly, for the sake of peace.” As for international society, “all the groups that achieve statehood and all the practices that they permit are tolerated by the society of states.” Consociations try to maintain imperial coexistence, but “the different groups are not tolerated by a singletranscendent power; they have to tolerate one another and work out among themselves the terms of their coexistence.” The rest, nation states and immigrant societies, tolerate individuals. Toleration in nation states is focused on individual participants of groups, “who are generally conceived stereotypically, first ascitizens, then as members of this or that minority.” A character of immigrant society is “the state claims exclusive jurisdictional rights, regarding all its citizens as individuals rather than as members of groups. Hence the objects of toleration, strictly speaking, are individual choices and performances.”This analysis mentions how human beings have achieved toleration morally and politically. Besides, it also contains questions how people have maintained their community and coexistence, which is a main issue of functional tolerance. In fact, Walzer pointed out that one of the characteristic trends of the contemporary situation as postmodernity is the loss of its unity. The regime of toleration is focused on personal choices and lifestyles rather than on common ways of life. He suggests how people recover the unity and emphasizes the importance of education. Then he concludes, “Certainly, it is tempting to imagine democratic education as a training in critical thought, so that the students can undertake an independent, preferably skeptical, evaluation of all established belief systems and cultural practices: for aren’t critics the best citizens? Maybe so; in any case we need more of them.” Another name of this critical thought isfunctional tolerance. Murakami says that the surplus part allows people to be able to behave outside of the regulative power of nomos.To choose either modernism or postmodernism on the assumption that human beings can reach one unique solution will not be the power to break down the difficulties we are faced with. Walzer and Murakami insist that we need to give up one unique solution which has been a truism through the whole history of Europe. This means that the theory of functional tolerance has the possibility to reform decision-making systems today.