8人制サッカーにおける育成年代ゴールキーパーが試合中に展開する指示の実態：U-11とU-12の比較に着目して

<p>This study focused on verbal expressions and instructions used by goalkeepers (GKs) during games in the introductory phase of their training. Specifically, it aimed to clarify the process through which GKs form their ability to give instructions by comparing the number and content of instructions given by GKs in the U-11 and U-12 age groups. The research subjects were 64 GKs who belong to a youth soccer club in the Sanyo region of Japan. The key results of our analysis of GK utterances, based on transcripts created from video recordings of games, are as follows:</p><p>1. Instructions related to attack and defense were grouped into seven categories, respectively. In regards to instructions related to both attack and defense, a high proportion were given to players directly involved with the ball.</p><p>2. The number of instructions was higher among GKs from the U-12 group in comparison to the U-11 group. Moreover, in both the age groups, GKs gave more instructions in the early stages of the game, compared to the middle and late stages.</p><p>3. Regarding the content of instructions, U-11 GKs gave a higher proportion of instructions to the defense and tended to concentrate on defense-related instructions more than U-12 GKs. In the case of both attacking and defensive instructions, a higher proportion of instructions were given to players directly involved with the ball during play. Conversely, instructions given to players directly involved with the ball tended to concentrate on off-ball players.</p><p>This suggests that when GKs in the U-12 age group are being trained in their ability to give instructions, they should not only pay attention to the number of instructions they give but also strive to offer instructions appropriate to the situation, deploying effective guidance that reflects a sophisticated understanding based on thought and judgment developed in daily training and games.</p>