Comparison of the Dose Calculation Accuracy between the Commercial Pencil Beam Algorithm and Various Statistical Uncertainties with Monte Carlo Algorithm in New Proton Pencil Beam Scanning System

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  • Tominaga Yuki
    Department of Radiotherapy, Medical Co. Hakuhokai, Osaka Proton Therapy Clinic, 27-9 Kasugadenaka, Konohana-ku, Osaka, Osaka 550-0022, Japan Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, 5-1 Shikata-cho, 2-chome, Kita-ku, Okayama, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
  • Oita Masataka
    Faculty of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, 3-1 Tsushimanaka, 3-chome, Kita-ku, Okayama, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
  • Akagi Takashi
    Hyogo Ion Beam Medical Support, 2-1, 1-chome, Kohto, Shingu, Tatsuno, Hyogo 679-5165, Japan
  • Miyata Junya
    Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, 5-1 Shikata-cho, 2-chome, Kita-ku, Okayama, Okayama 700-8558, Japan Department of Radiological Technology, Kurashiki Central Hospital, 1-1-1, Miwa, Kurashiki, Okayama 710-8602, Japan
  • Harada Shuichi
    Hyogo Ion Beam Medical Support, 2-1, 1-chome, Kohto, Shingu, Tatsuno, Hyogo 679-5165, Japan
  • Matsuda Tetsunori
    Department of Radiological Technology, Tsuyama Chuo Hospital, 1756, Kawasaki, Tsuyama, Okayama 708-0841, Japan
  • Kuroda Masahiro
    Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, 5-1 Shikata-cho, 2-chome, Kita-ku, Okayama, Okayama 700-8558, Japan

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<p>We validated the calculation accuracies and times between the pencil beam algorithm (PBA) and the Monte Carlo (MC) algorithm in the new proton pencil beam scanning system. Thirty-three (homogeneous phantom) and three (heterogeneous phantom) uniform-dose plans were verified for cubic targets. These plans were calculated using the PBA and five MC statistical uncertainties of 0.3%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0%. We also evaluated the required dose calculation times per beam with the statistical analysis. Then, eight clinically realistic beams were validated as the end-toend test. The dose differences of 0.3% and 0.5% uncertainty MC plans were satisfied our tolerance (< ±3.0%). All five uncertainty MC plans improved at least the average/minimum gamma score from 93.8%/33.5% to 98.5%/88.9% for homogeneous (2%/2 mm) and 96.7%/83.9% to 98.8%/94.1% for heterogeneous (3%/3 mm) than PBA plans. However, the average calculation times of 0.3% and 0.5% uncertainties in MC plans were 15.5 and 5.8 times longer than in PBA plans (p < 0.001). The endto-end tests satisfied the acceptable with a statistical uncertainty of MC below 0.5%. Although the dose calculation times would be significantly increased, we suggest that the statistical uncertainty of MC below 0.5% is appropriate for clinical use with PBS plans.</p>

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