Crossing the valley of death: Toward translational research regarding ILC2

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  • Yashiro Takuya
    Laboratory for Innate Immune Systems, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University Life-omics Research Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiative, Osaka University
  • Moro Kazuyo
    Laboratory for Innate Immune Systems, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University Laboratory for Innate Immune Systems, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS) Laboratory for Innate Immune Systems, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University Laboratory for Innate Immune Systems, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University Life-omics Research Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiative, Osaka University

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<p>Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are tissue-resident innate lymphoid cells that express the transcription factor GATA3 as a master regulator, which leads to the production of large amounts of type 2 cytokines, such as IL-5 and IL-13. ILC2s are activated by epithelial cell-derived cytokines, including IL-33 and IL-25, and play a key role in parasite expulsion, allergic responses, tissue repair, and metabolism. In the first five years after the discovery of ILC2s, research mainly focused on their function through cytokine receptors. However, in recent years, their regulatory mechanisms through not only cytokine receptors but also lipids, neuropeptides, and hormones have become a hot topic. For ILC2s that do not recognize foreign antigens, receptor expression of such endogenous factors is important, and the diverse expression patterns create the individuality of ILC2s in each organ. By considering the mechanisms of differentiation and regulation of ILC2s and their role in disease while taking into account spatio-temporal information, it is expected that new therapeutic strategies targeting ILC2s will be developed. Herein, we summarize the current understanding of ILC2s in lung homeostasis and pathology and provide valuable insights that will help to guide the future development of therapeutic methods for ILC2-mediated lung diseases.</p>

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