Protesting State and Non-State Actors in Three Different Contexts

DOI IR IR (HANDLE) Open Access

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The effect of protest target difference on protest participation attitudes has been a weak spot in empirical studies on contentious politics. Globally, people protest both state and non-state actors, but publicly available cross-national data often encapsulates protest participation questions without protest target differentiation. This unclarity is particularly problematic in weak state contexts, where the state’s reach is limited and hence environmental and labor protests are often directly mobilized against nonstate actors. In such contexts, the effect of political regime types on protest participation, for example, needs careful examination. This study addresses protest target differentiation and tests how conditioning factors like state repressiveness affect protest participation differently across targets. Unlike previous studies relying on media-based observational data, which is prone to selection bias, this paper deploys an experimental approach with original surveys in Bolivia, Cambodia, and Mongolia. The findings support the assumption that state repressiveness does not always demotivate protests targeting non-state actors. Although the empirical contribution is limited to the three cases, this article opens a new page in comparative contentious studies in the global South.

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