ツルナゴーラを想像する : 近現代日本の大衆文化におけるモンテネグロの国名の利用

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  • Imagining Crna Gora : Use of the Toponym “Montenegro” in Mass Culture of Modern Japan

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This paper analyzes how the toponym “Montenegro” has been used in the popular culture of modern Japan with a few examples. Montenegro (“Crna Gora” in Serbo-Croatian) means “black mountain,” and in modern Japan it has been written in three ways: “Monteneguro,” “Tsurunagōra” (a phonetic transcription of Crna Gora), and “Kokuzankoku” (Country of Black Mountains). The toponym was used as a joke in a short comedy of the Taisho era that Montenegrins were lazy people because the pronunciation of “Montenegro” sounded close to “a disciple who only slept and ate” in Japanese. In another short comedy of the Showa period, a young man who did not know Montenegro confused it with Pola Negri or the Count of Monte-Cristo as a joke. Thus, in pre-war Japan, Montenegro was merely an object of wordplay. After the Second World War, however, the word “Tsurunagōra” came to be used in more complicated ways, such as the name of a fictional country in a fantasy novel, and in a mystery novel, the difference between the two words “Monteneguro” and “Tsurunagōra” was key to solving the final mystery. Moreover, in a manga drawn in the Reiwa era, there is a scene in which girls traveling in the Adriatic Sea in the early modern period see the mountains of Montenegro and describe them as “black mountains.” The toponym “Montenegro” has thus provided a variety of imaginative resources for the creators of modern Japan.

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