The Institutionalization of Environmental NPOs and Its Impact on Environmental Movements

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  • 環境NPO（民間非営利組織）の制度化と環境運動の変容
  • カンキョウ NPO ミンカン ヒエイリ ソシキ ノ セイドカ ト カンキョウ

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<p>Environmental movements, as modest, middle-class based conservationist movements, have been institutionalized long since in the U.S. and the U.K. where nonprofit corporation systems had been established as NPOs or charity organizations. This facilitated environmental groups to establish their organizational infrastructure and reinforced their influence upon environmental policy making process. New environmental movements launched in the 1970s, with the characteristics of the “new social movement”, have been institutionalized as advocacy NPOs, establishing themselves as pressure groups and the channels to exert their influence.</p><p>However, grassroots environmentalists criticized them for being “co-opted” and became conservative as they became institutionalized. These grassroots environmental groups, established in the 1980s, addressed issues such as industrial pollution and toxic waste problems caused by socio-economic disparity and inequality. They sought to institutionalize themselves with the purpose of “empowering” community based environmental actions.</p><p>This paper will discuss the two-fold effects from institutionalization of environmental movement ― “co-optation effect” and “empowerment effect”. I will discuss how the changing U.S. political context in which liberalist politics gave way to neo-conservatism in public policies after the 1970s, upon this institutionalization.</p>

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