Chronic traumatic encephalopathy associated with cumulative soccer heading exposure: A review of the recent literature

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  • Usui Naoto
    Department of Rehabilitation, Kisen Hospital Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University
  • Yamashiro Koya
    Department of Health and Sports, Niigata University of Health and Welfare
  • Kojima Sho
    Department of Rehabilitation, Kisen Hospital Graduate School of Health and Welfare, Niigata University of Health and Welfare
  • Sato Daisuke
    Department of Health and Sports, Niigata University of Health and Welfare

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  • サッカーにおけるヘディングの累積曝露と慢性外傷性脳症に関する最近の知見
  • サッカー ニ オケル ヘディング ノ ルイセキ バクロ ト マンセイ ガイショウセイ ノウショウ ニ カンスル サイキン ノ チケン

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Abstract

<p>Soccer is the most popular sport worldwide, with over 265 million participants. Soccer is unique in that the ball can be directed deliberately and purposefully with the head, an act referred to as ‘heading’. In recent years, there has been concern about the association between repetitive subconcussive head impacts associated with heading and chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Heading causes immediate changes in biochemical and electrophysiological markers of traumatic brain injury, and some studies have reported brain structural changes and dysfunction in former soccer players. In 2019, it was reported that the mortality associated with neurodegenerative diseases was about 3.5 times higher among former professional soccer players. Following that, in early 2020, the guidance have been published to limit heading by age in some regions including England and Scotland. In this review, we will expound the immediate and long-term effects of heading associated with chronic traumatic encephalopathy and the measures that should be taken into consideration in the practice of soccer instruction, based on the latest findings.</p>

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