Tendencies of Experience with, Awareness of, and Attitude Toward Causal Relations in Daily Life of Lower Secondary School Students : For Developing the Capability to Inquire with a Prospect of Success

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  • 中学生の日常生活での因果関係に関与する経験及び意識・態度の傾向 : 見通しをもって探究する能力を育成するために
  • 中学生の日常生活での因果関係に関与する経験及び意識・態度の傾向--見通しをもって探求する能力を育成するために
  • チュウガクセイ ノ ニチジョウ セイカツ デノ インガ カンケイ ニ カンヨスル ケイケン オヨビ イシキ タイド ノ ケイコウ ミトオシ オ モッテ タンキュウスル ノウリョク オ イクセイスル タメニ

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Abstract

<p>In this study, we conducted a questionnaire survey to typify the degrees of experience with causal relations in daily life and the tendencies of awareness of/attitude towards the causal relations in daily life among second grade lower secondary school students. As a first analysis, factor analysis was performed to extract factors that served as the basis of a capability to recognize causal relations from questions. Subsequently, on the basis of factor scores obtained from the factor analysis, cluster analysis was conducted to determine the tendencies of experience with causal relations and the tendencies of awareness of/attitude towards the causal relations. As a consequence, the following findings were gained: (1) Factor analysis showed that the following three factors were extracted: "experience with causal relations," "awareness/attitude towards causes," and "awareness/attitude towards results." (2) Cluster analysis based on factor scores indicated four groups: "the upper group of experience/awareness," "the medium group of insufficient awareness," "the medium group of insufficient experience" and "the lower group of experience/awareness." (3) Specific teaching or support to develop a capability in lower secondary school students to inquire into the prospect of success was proposed in accordance with the characteristics of the four groups, such as the upper group of experience/awareness, obtained through the cluster analysis. (4) It was elucidated that women were much richer in "experience with causal relations" than men. The cause of this finding was inferred to be a high likelihood of differences between the sexes in living experience until they had graduated from elementary school.</p>

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