異類婚姻譚の類型分析 : 日韓比較の視点から

本稿は，日本と韓国の事例の比較の視点から，異類婚姻譚の類型を整理し，日本の異類婚姻譚を東アジアという視野の広がりの中で考察していくための足がかりを作ることをめざしたものである。類型の分類においては，人間と異類の婚姻が成立するか，成立しないか，ということを第一の基準とし，次に「異類聟譚」と「異類女房譚」に分けて，諸類型の記述をおこなった。婚姻が成立する類型の主なものは，異類が人間に変身して人間との結婚を成就するという形をとるもので，日本においては「田螺息子」の話型があるが，それ以外にはあまり見られない。韓国においては，異類聟譚，異類女房譚ともに，この類型のものが相当数伝承されている。一方，婚姻が成立しない類型は，異類聟譚においても，異類女房譚においても，日本の異類婚姻譚の主要な部分をなしている。日本の異類聟譚においては，人間の女が計略を用いて異類の男を殺害して，婚姻を解消する「猿聟入」や「蛇聟入・水乞型」の伝承がきわめて数多く伝えられている。この形の伝承は韓国には見られないようである。また，日本の異類女房譚では，異類の女の正体が露見したために結婚が解消される形の「鶴女房」や「蛇女房」などが幅広く伝承されている。この類型は韓国にも存在するが，日本の場合ほど顕著にはあらわれない。韓国では，婚姻が成立しない類型においても，一時的な異類との交渉の結果，非凡な能力をもった子どもが生まれる形のものが多く見られる。ただし，これらの点について比較をおこなうとき，『韓国口碑文学大系』においては，昔話と伝説を一括して収録しているのに対し，日本の昔話の資料集は，伝説と区別して，昔話を収集していることを考慮しなければならない。本稿でおこなった類型の整理は，個々の話型についての分析をおこなっていくための土台となるものであり，また，「説話を通して文化を読む」ための基礎作業である。

This paper aims to put in order the patterns of heterogeneous-marriage stories seen from a comparison of examples from Japan and Korea, and to provide a foothold for the examination of Japanese heterogeneous-marriage stories in the wider perspective of Eastern Asia. In the classification of the patterns, the first criterion was whether a marriage between a human being and a non-human was established or not. Then, the author classified the samples into “stories of non-human husbands” and “stories of non-human wives”, and described the various patterns. In most stories in which a marriage is established, the non-human is transformed into a human being. In Japan, this pattern is not found so much, except in the story pattern of the “Pond-Snail Son”. In Korea, rather many stories of this pattern are handed down, as both “stories of non-human husbands” and “stories of non-human wives”. On the other hand, the majority of Japanese heterogeneous-marriage stories are of the pattern in which a marriage is not established between a human man or woman and a non-human. In Japanese stories of non-human husbands, very many tales are handed down relating to the “Monkey Husband” or the “Snake Husband, who demanded water”, in which the human woman kills a non-human man by some stratagem, and thus dissolves their marriage. It seems that this type of tale is not found in Korea. In Japanese stories of non-human wives, the pattern of such stories as the “Crane Wife” and the “Snake Wife” was extensively handed down, in which the marriage is dissolved because the natural shape of the non-human wife is revealed. This pattern also exists in Korea, but is not so conspicuous as in Japan. In Korea, even in the pattern in which a marriage is not established, there are many stories in which a child of extraordinary talent is born as a result of temporary relations between a human being and a non-human. However, when making a comparison between the stories of the two countries, we should bear in mind the fact that Japanese collections of folk narratives clearly distinguish folktales from legends ; as opposed to the “Collection of Orally Transmitted Korean Literature”, which includes both folktales and legends together. The patterns laid out in this paper should provide a foundation for the analysis of individual story patterns, and is also a fundamental work for the “reading of culture through folk narratives”.

source:https://www.rekihaku.ac.jp/outline/publication/ronbun/ronbun2/index.html#no50