Books and Pilgrimage to Temples and Shrines : Based on Analysis of Oraimono Textbooks on Travel

往来物研究は、岡村金太郎編『往来物分類目録』、石川謙・石川松太郎編『日本教科書大系・往来編』、石川松太郎『往来物の成立と展開』といった先駆的な業績によって先鞭がつけられたが、その成立過程および系譜の考察が主であった。二千年代に入ってから相次いだ研究書の刊行によって、ようやくその社会的役割の検討にも目が向けられるに至った。しかし依然として教育史の観点すなわち「庶民教育のテキストである」という固定観念から逸脱することはなかった。そのため本稿で検討をおこなう「参詣型」往来についても、「『道中膝栗毛』が流行するような旅行ブームに乗っかった一時的なもの」という評価しか与えられてこなかった。この意味で、往来物の社会的役割への考察は未だ多くの可能性を秘めたものであると考える。そこで本論では、おもに江戸で出版された往来物に焦点を当て、次の通り時代区分を行った。第一期（明和～寛政期）、第二期（寛政六年～文化十年）、第三期（文政四年～）、第四期（文政五年～）、第五期（天保三年～）がそれである。第一期は上方で出版されていた定番往来物の出版、第二期・第四期はオリジナルな出版が行われた時期、第三期・第五期はそれぞれ前の時期の焼き直しをしていた時期と言える。ただし第二期は比較的自由な発想のもと刊行が行えていたが、すでに巷に名所案内や地誌が溢れつつあった第四期は他作品との差別化を図る必要性に迫られた。また十返一九のように他作品から転用するなど安易な刊行も目立ち、内容よりもむしろ作者の知名度による販売戦略が特徴であった。参詣型往来が登場した寛政期は、三都などわずかな場所をのぞいて「旅の大衆化」に対応しえる作品はほとんど皆無であった。そのため旅に際しての実用書として利用され、「参詣型」往来そのものも、本文のほかに縁起、街道図といった実践的な情報を加えて実用性を高めていった。それだけではない。多くの地域にとって「参詣型」往来ははじめて経験するその地域の「地誌」的存在でもあった。そのため地域の地理教育にも一役買い、その後の地域住人の手による地誌編纂という大きな歴史的潮流をも生み出す一助となった。

The study of Oraimono textbooks was started by pioneering achievements such as the “Classified catalog of Oraimono” edited by Kintaro Okamura, the “Outline of Japanese Textbooks - Oraimono” edited by Ken Ishikawa and Matsutaro Ishikawa, and the “Formation and Development of Oraimono” written by Matsutaro Ishikawa. These works mainly studied the formation process and genealogy of Oraimono textbooks. It was not until the publication of a series of academic works from the year 2000 that the social role of Oraimono textbooks drew the attention of researchers. However, the studies have never departed from the viewpoint of educational history or the fixed concept of “textbooks for educating common people.” Therefore, the Oraimono textbooks of the “pilgrimage type” studied in this article have also been evaluated as merely a 'temporary fad that got on the traveling boom of“ Dochu Hizakurige”.'In this sense, the study of the social role of Oraimono textbooks still has considerable potential.Thus, this article focuses on Oraimono textbooks published in Edo and divides them into periods as follows: the first period (Meiwa to Kansei Periods) , the second period (Kansei 6 to Bunka 10) , the third period (Bunsei 4 and following) , the fourth period (Bunsei 5 and following) , and the fifth period (Tenpo 3 and following) . The regular Oraimono textbooks published in Kyoto and Osaka were published in Edo in the first period, while the original books were published in the second and fourth periods. The books published in the previous periods were recycled in the third and fifth periods. In the second period, books were published with a relatively liberal concept, but in the fourth period, guidebooks and geographical books were already overflowing among the public, and differentiation from other books was necessary. There were also many easy publications that diverted other books such as that of Juppen Ikku. The popularity of authors rather than the contents was used to sell books.During the Kansei Period when Oraimono textbooks of the pilgrimage type appeared, there were almost no books capable of responding to the“ popularization of traveling” except in three major cities. Oraimono textbooks were used as practical works for traveling, while the value of Oraimono textbooks of the “pilgrimage type” was also enhanced by adding practical information such as benefits, Kaido (highway) maps, etc. to the body texts. Moreover, Oraimono textbooks of the “pilgrimage type” also played a “geographical” role in first-time visits to many regions, hence contributing to the local education of geography, and helping create a major historical trend of geographical books edited by local residents in later years.

source:https://www.rekihaku.ac.jp/outline/publication/ronbun/ronbun7/index.html#no155