Wheat, as a pivotal food crop, relies significantly on nitrogen, a fundamental nutrient for its growth and development. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the recent strides made in the realm of studying nitrogen nutrition in wheat. Prior investigations have illuminated considerable variability in nitrogen absorption and utilization among wheat varieties. Some strains exhibit heightened nitrogen absorption capacities, while others demonstrate superior nitrogen use efficiency. The enhancement of wheat’s nitrogen use efficiency hinges on the selection of suitable wheat varieties attuned to distinct soil conditions and levels of nitrogen supply. This paper encapsulates the evolution of wheat nitrogen nutrition research across five principal domains: (1) nitrogen absorption and translocation; (2) nitrogen metabolism and regulatory mechanisms; (3) nitrogen fertilizer management strategies; (4) the interplay between wheat varieties and nitrogen utilization efficiency; and (5) the intricate interrelationship between nitrogen nutrition and the wheat-growing environment. By scrutinizing advancements within these dimensions, this analysis furnishes a robust scholarly framework for the cultivation of wheat varieties that harness nitrogen resources with utmost efficiency.